what is linux/ why its important/advantages of linux

What is Linux? 

Linux is a 32-bit operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linus had an interest in Minix, a small UNIX system, and decided to develop a system that exceeded the Minix standards. He began his work in 1991 when he released version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel was released.

The kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under the GNU General Public License and its source code is freely available to everyone.

Linux is a version of the UNIX operating system that has become very popular over the last several years

Linux (often pronounced LIH-Nuhks with a short "I") is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing system.

Linux is a remarkably complete operating system, including a graphical user interface, an X Window System, TCP/IP, the Emacs editor, and other components usually found in a comprehensive Unix system.

Unlike Windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is publicly open and extendible by contributors. Because it conforms to the Portable Operating System Interface standard user and programming interfaces, developers can write programs that can be ported to other operating systems

Why Linux is so popular? 

Linux is as much a phenomenon as it is an operating system. To understand why Linux has become so popular, it is helpful to know a little bit about its history. The first version of UNIX was originally developed several decades ago and was used primarily as a research operating system in universities. High-powered desktop workstations from companies like Sun proliferated in the 1980s, and they were all based on UNIX. A number of companies entered the workstation field to compete against Sun: HP, IBM, Silicon Graphics, Apollo, etc. Unfortunately, each one had its own version of UNIX and this made the sale of software difficult. Windows NT was Microsoft's answer to this marketplace. NT provides the same sort of features as UNIX operating systems -- security, support for multiple CPUs, large-scale memory and disk management, etc. -- but it does it in a way that is compatible with most Windows applications. 

The entry of Microsoft into the high-end workstation arena created a strange dynamic. The proprietary operating systems owned by separate companies and the lack of a central authority in the UNIX world weaken UNIX, but many people have personal problems with Microsoft. Linux stepped into this odd landscape and captured a lot of attention. 

The Linux kernel, created by Linus Torvalds, was made available to the world for free. Torvalds then invited others to add to the kernel provided that they keep their contributions free. Thousands of programmers began working to enhance Linux, and the operating system grew rapidly. Because it is free and runs on PC platforms, it gained a sizeable audience among hard-core developers very quickly. Linux has a dedicated following and appeals to several different kinds of people: 

• People who already know UNIX and want to run it on PC-type hardware 

• People who want to experiment with operating system principles 

• People who need or want a great deal of control over their operating system 

• People who have personal problems with Microsoft 

In general, Linux is harder to manage than something like Windows, but offers more flexibility and configuration options.

Following are the advantages of Linux

1. Portability: Means to modify a program from one computer system so that it work with different system. About 90% of code in current version of Linux is written in c language and remainder in assembly language. Linux is there fore a potable operating system as it can be easily modified.

• Multitasking:

It is an operating system that can do more than one thing at a time. Linux allows user to run as many process as it can handle. User can run several commands in background while executing another in fore ground.

• Multi-user:

An operating system that can be used by more than one person at a time, sharing resources, file space, printer and soon Linux support from one to 2000 users at a time.

• Job control: It is ability to control which job is executed in fore ground, back ground or is suspended.

• File system: It has tree like structure. It start with one directories called root, symbolized by / , has multiples directories under it. Storage space for different user files are maintained by operating system. Files can be protected  by unauthorized users.

• Pipes: It is Linux file that take output of one process and provide it as input to next process. While executing and multiple Linux command pipes may be used between command to create what is referred to as pipe line command.

• Linux shell: User interaction with Linux is controlled by shell, a powerful command for interpreter. When user interact  with shell search for program, if found, executes it.

• Visual shell: These is menu-driven and provide command for file management, text processing and  electronic mail.

• Linux utilities: It include 100 utility program for function like sorting data, processing text and searching for information.  

• System Security

There is several level of security in Linux. The First level is system security the standard login procedure be force Linux start running on the system which stopped the illegal user to start the windows. 2nd level security is file system security. So every user uses its own set of files and third level security allow user to encrypt the data files on the disk.

• Linux Maturity

Linux is solid and time tested operating system that has been in use over 25 years. Software is free form bugs and has high level of reliability of its capability.

Linux  connection:

Hosts and Terminal:

As Linux is multi-user system, so there is one computer while is shared by all the user. This main computer is called host and does most of work. In order to use Linux system, you need to connect to the host computer. Each such connection is called a session. Linux may be supporting more than one session at same time. The device that you use to do your work is called terminal. A terminal consists of display and keyboard along with associated electronics. These terminals are connected to host by cables or over telephone lines.

Server and Client:

Most networks have one or more computer that share resources thought the network. Such nodes are called servers. A server provides a server to the network server can provide following types of servers.

File server: A server on network that provides file storage, e.g. sharing of files among different users with one hard disk.

Printer server: A Server on network that provides access to a printer. If more than one user want to print and printer is connected to server than all users printing is managed by server.

Communication Server: A server on network that provide access to modems.

Clients:

 When your computer makes use of shared resources, we speak of your computer as the client, for e.g. you are using Linux workstation that is connected to Linux network. Your computer has its own hard disk on which you store some of your files, for e.g. one of other computer on network, a file server, has very large hard disk on which you keep the rest of your files. When you use files on your own computer the network is not involved, but when you access files as another computer, you are sharing resources of network. At such times, your computer is client and other computer is server. If some one at another computer needs to use files on your computer than, from their point of view, their machine is client and yours is the server.

Architecture of Linux Operating System or Components

Linux has all the components like a typical operating system as under.

Kernel:-

The Kernel (Basically in raw binary form that is laded directly into memory at time of startup) is the central part of Linux Operating System.

The Linux Kernel includes device driver supports for a large number of PC Hardware devices (graphic cards, Network Cards, Hard Disk etc), advanced processor and memory management feature , and supports for many different types of file system including dos floppies and iso9660 standard for CD ROMs.

The Shell and GUIs:

The Shell Surrounds the Kernel and provides the Linux user interface. As Linux Supports two form of command input. Through textual command line shells like that Bourne shell and CSH the C shell. The second type of  interface is graphical interface (GUIs) such as KDE and GNOME windows Manager. 

Create and change boot screens for windows xp with booteditor

Create and change boot screens for windows xp with booteditor

The boot editor is a It's an editor for modify or creating boot screens in WinXP (Pro or Home edition)

The Boot Editor, he doesn't come with installer, then you will have to install  manually, choice a paste of your preference. After unzip, copy the files with extension ocx and dll for the directory c:\windows\system32 and run the command regsvr32 AxImage.ocx, create a shortcut for the booteditor in the desktop.

Before playing, make a backup of the file c:\windows\system32\ntoskrnl.exe. If something gives wrong, it is enough you to copy this file of turn to your original place.

1) executes the program clicking in BootEditor.exe.

2)Goin it Cribs new bootscreen (Ctrl + N), in the close it places the name for your boot screen, ready the program will carry the images standard of Windows. Click below in the image to visualize the main screen of the booteditor. Click in the image to enlarge.

3)Click in Load image to change the image of the main screen, choose an image of the file (the image pattern is of 640x480 and 16 colors), but the program accepts images in several formats, size and quality of different color. Remind of Dll and OCX, in the paste system32, is for color quality, the booteditor go to ask if it wants to correct that. Answer that yes.

The interesting is to set up an image publishing in some of images as the photoshop, and to save in the size of 640x480. Ready the main screen will change for chosen image.

4)Change for next image to be modified, (progress bar) as display the illustration below, #8 version Pro  #9 version Home of Windows xp,  the size of the bar of progress is of 22 x9 pixels and it has the format of three square, the advisable it is just to change the colors of that progress bar. To move the bar in the vertical it marks the option it Moves pr. bar, to encourage the bar click in anim in the status bar. it only works in the screen main #1. To move the bar in the screen it clicks and drag below or above.

To use boot maid's screen it has two way to do one it is with the own booteditor. Open the program it selects a boot screen and then click in test. Restart the personal computer to see if it worked.

Another way of her to do it is using another program the logonuibootrandomizer, that also allows to change logon screens besides boot screens. any hour I will post a tutorial on him.

Clicking in the menu bitmap show images effects dialog CTRL+F you will have some options to give some effects in your image. With the time it catches the practice.

 Download BOOTEDITOR

ISLAMIC WAY OF WEDDING

 Islamic Wedding 

Wedding of Fatimah (RadhiAllah Anha)

Fatimah (Radhiallaahu Ánha) is the youngest daughter of our beloved Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam). Out of all the children, he was the most beloved to him. He said, 'The Queen of the ladies in Jannat is Faatimah.' He also said, 'Faatimah is part of my body. Whoever grieves her, grieves me.'

When Faatimah (Radhiallaahu Ánha) reached the age of fifteen, proposals for her marriage began to come from high and responsible families. But the Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) remained irresponsive. Ali (Radhiallaahu Ánhu), who was 21 at the time, says: It occurred to me that I should go and make a formal proposal, but then I thought,

'How could this be accomplished, for I possess nothing.' 

At last, encouraged by the Prophet's kindness, I went to him and expressed my intention to marry Faatima (Radhiyallaahu Anha). The Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) was extremely pleased and asked, 'Áli! Do you possess anything to give her in Mahr?' I replied, 'Apart from a horse and an armour I possess nothing.'The Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) said, 'A soldier must, of course, have his horse. Go and sell away your armour.'

So, Áli (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) went and sold his armour to Uthmaan (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) for 480 Dirham and presented it to Rasulullah (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam). Bilaal (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) was ordered by the Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) to bring some perfume and a few other things and Anas (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) was sent to call Abu Bakr, Uthmaan, Talhah, Zubayr with some companions from the Ansaar (Radhiallaahu Ánhum).

When these men arrived and had taken their seats, the Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) recited the Khutbah (sermon) of Nikaah and gave Faatimah (Radhiallaahu Ánha) in marriage to Áli (Radhiallaahu Ánhu). He announced, 'Bear you all witness that I have given my daughter Faatimah in marriage to Áli for 400 Mithqaal of silver and Áli has accepted.' He then raised his head and made Duá saying, 'O Allah, create love and harmony between these two. Bless them and bestow upon them good children.' after the Nikaah, dates were distributed.

When the time came for Faatimah (Radhiallaahu Ánha) to go to Áli's (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) house, she was sent without any clamour, hue and cry accompanied Umm Ayman (Radhiallaahu Ánhu). After the Éesha Salaat, the Prophet (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) went to their house, took permission and entered. He asked for a basin of water, put his blessed hands into it and sprinkled it on both Áli (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) and Faatimah (Radhiallaahu Ánha) and made Duá for them.

The sovereign of both worlds gave his beloved daughter a silver bracelet, two Yemeni sheets, four mattresses, one blanket, one pillow, one cup, one hand-grinding mill, one bedstead, a small water skin and a leather pitcher.

In this simple fashion, the wedding of the daughter of the leader of the worlds was solemnised. In following this Sunnah method, a wedding becomes very simple and easy to fulfill.

SOME METHODS DERIVED FROM THE ABOVEMENTIONED MARRIAGE.

1.  The many customs as regards engagement are contrary to the Sunnah. In fact, many are against the Shariáh and are regarded sins. A verbal proposal and answer is sufficient. 

2.  To unnecessarily delay Nikah of both the boy and the girl after having reached the age of marriage is incorrect. 

3.  There is nothing wrong in inviting one's close associates for the occasion of Nikah. However, no special pains should be taken in gathering the people from far off places. 

4.  It is appropriate that the bridegroom be a few years older than the bride. 

5.  If the father of the girl is an Áalim or pious and capable of performing Nikah, then he should himself solemnise the marriage. 

6.  It is better to give the Mahr Faatimi and one should endeavour to do so. But if one does not have the means then there is nothing wrong in giving less. 

7.  It is totally un-Islamic for those, who do not possess the means, to incur debts in order to have grandiose weddings. 

8.  It is fallacy to think that one's respect will be lost if one does not hold an extravagant wedding and invite many people. What is our respect compared to that of Rasulullah (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam)? 

9.  The present day practice of the intermingling of sexes is an act of sin and totally against Shariáh. 

10.  There is nothing such as engagement parties and Medhi parties in Islam. 

11.  Great care must be taken as regards to Salaat on occasions of marriage by all - the bride, the bridegroom and all the participants. 

12.  It is un-Islamic to display the bride on stage. 

13.  The unnecessary expenses incurred by the bride's family in holding a feast has no basis in Shariáh. 

14.  For the engaged couple to meet at a public gathering where the boy holds the girl's hand and slips a ring on her finger is a violation of the Qurãnic law of Hijaab. 

15.  It is un-Islamic for the engaged couple to meet each other and also go out together. 

16.  Three things should be borne in mind when giving one's daughter gifts and presents at the time of Nikah:

·Presents should be given within one's means (it is not permissible to take loans, on interest for such presents);·To give necessary items;

· A show should not be made of whatever is given. 

 17.  It is Sunnat for the bridegroom's family to make Walimah.

Note: In Walimah, whatever is easily available should be fed to the people and care should be taken that the is no extravagance, show and that no debts are incurred in the process. 

18. To delay Nikah after the engagement is un-Islamic.

SOME CUSTOMS

In aping Western methods sheepishly, Muslims have adopted many customs which are un-Islamic and frowned upon.

Some examples are:

1.  Displaying the bride on stage; 

2.  Inviting guests for the wedding from far off places; 

3.  Receiving guests in the hall; 

4.  The bride's people incurring unnecessary expenses by holding a feast which has no basis in Shariáh. We should remember that Walimah is the feast arranged by the bridegroom after the marriage is consummated. 

5.  It is contrary to Sunnah (and the practice of some non-Muslim tribes in India) to wish, hope for or demand presents and gifts for the bridegroom, from the bride's people. We should always remember that our Nabi (Sallallaahu Álayhi Wasallam) did not give Áli (Radhiallaahu Ánhu) anything except Duá.

WHAT OUR RELIGION SAID ABOUT Choosing your desire wife

ISLAMIC point of view while

Choosing your desire wife 

  “And of His signs is that He created for you from yourselves mates that you may find tranquility in them; and He placed between you affection and mercy. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought.” - Surah Ar-Rum, 21.

In this time of happiness, when gifts are received, hugs are generously donated, and laughter sprinkles the tables, we must remember who gave this all to us.

In this verse, Yamtann Allahu Alayna – Allah reminds of us of His favour upon us. Every husband in this room, it is Allah that created your bride. Every bride in this room, Allah created your husband.

 Allah created the pairs and then blessed the pair with love and mercy.

Then Allah says: 

“Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought”. 

Let’s take the time now to give a little thought to Allah’s favour upon us.

Sulayman – alayhis salam – sat his son down one day and taught him about Allah and life. Allah mentions what he said:

"And We enjoined upon man (care) for his parents. His mother carried him, (increasing her) in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years: Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to me is the (final) destination.”

Thank Allah:

1. Every thing that you enjoy, everything that you love is from Allah:

“And whatever you have of blessing (indeed) it is from Allah!”

2. Thank Allah, remember Him and He will remember you. Allahu akbar!

“Remember me and I shall remember you, and be thankful to Me and do not be ungrateful.”

3. Allah will give us more when we are thankful:

“And (remember) when your lord proclaimed, ‘if you are grateful, I will surely increase you; but if you deny, indeed, My punishment is severe.”

I’ve heard of Muslims that regularly donate half a million dollars to the Democratic Party to have their picture taken with Clinton and his wife! They place these pictures up in the middle of their homes in all pride and honor.

Yet to every parent, let me draw your attention the most noble picture to put up in your home. Allah ta’ala put His majesty and every parent in this world in a portrait: “Be grateful to Me and to your Parents!”

Scholars have said that being grateful to Allah is to be grateful for the Iman that He has blessed us with. And to be thankful to our parents is to be grateful for the hard work they went through to raise us.

Ibn Abbas raa said, “There are three things that will not be accepted if it’s mate is not fulfilled. (And he mentioned), “Thank Me (Allah) and your Parents...” – Luqmaan 31/14.

Ibn Abbaas continued, “Thus whoever thanks Allah and is not thankful to his parents, Allah will not accept it from him.”

The scholars understood this and set the example for us. Haywah bin Shurayh (ra), one of the Imam’s of our Ummah, used to give classes in front of his home. During the class, his Mother would call him to feed the chickens. He would stand up, leave the Halaqah, and go feed the chickens.

Sufyan ibn Uyaynah – one of the Ummah’s greatest scholars – said, “Whoever prays the 5 salah has been grateful to Allah. And whoever prays for his parents after the Salah has been grateful to them.”

My mother in Law, Ali’s mother once told me about when Ali was young. He would come home from school, run up to her and give her the strongest hug. Then he would top it off with, “Mummy I love you.” She would mention the story and then let a tear drop.

As we get older, words like ‘I love you’ become harder for us to say. Yet as much as it becomes harder for us to say, as much as it becomes more precious to the parents.

I ask Allah ta’ala that we not forget this innocence, when we were without sin, when we used to bring a smile to our parents.

Let’s keep making them smile. And In doing so, we would be thanking Allah.

Marriage Ceremony and procedure in Islam

Marriage Ceremony in Islam 

The Wali.

A wali (guardian) of the bride is necessary to represent her in concluding the contract. The wali is a male relative who would be her guardian if she were a minor, for example her father. However, if he is not available, a brother, uncle, grandfather etc. will suffice. 

If none of these exist then a Muslim ruler or judge, and if they do not exist then a prominent leader of the Muslim community (see Fiqh us sunnah, Syed Sabiq, Sar al-Kitab al Arabi, Beirut, 2nd ed, 1973, vol 2 page 120)."No marriage contract is valid without a wali." - Tirmidhi and Abu Dawood

"A woman may not act for another in concluding a marriage contract, and a woman may not

conclude her own marriage contract." - Ibn Majah and Daraqutni.

The Offer and Acceptance.

Both offer and acceptance must be explicit in mentioning the word marriage (or any other word in any language implying a similar situation). Both statements should be made at the same sitting, i.e. one party to the other.

The Bride's Agreement.

The bride must be agreeable to concluding the marriage by her wali. This agreement should be specific to marrying a specific man and all other conditions, if any, must be agreed upon also.

The Witnesses.

At least two Muslim male witnesses are required or one male and two females - all of them having reached the age of puberty and being of good character.

The Sadaq/Mahr.

The Sadaq or Mahr (dower) is a required marriage gift given by the groom to the bride. It represents his commitment to take care of all the family expenses including her personal needs… "And give women their dower as a free gift." (surah 4 verse 4).

Sadaq may be money or in kind, but it should be specified in its kind and quantity. It may be paid in full at the time of the marriage contract, or postponed until a definite or indefinite date in the future. That which is deferred becomes due upon divorce. The value of Sadaq can be anything from $1 upward (and must be agreed upon by both parties).

The Procedure:

1.  Witnesses and guests take their seats.

2.  The wali of the bride and the groom sit facing each other, close to the witnesses so that they can be seen and heard by the witnesses.

3.  A learned man delivers a short ceremonial speech (see the khutbah at the end of this article).

4.  Then the wali of the bride addresses the groom with the following words or something similar:

"In the name of Allah the Merciful, the Mercy giving, Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and Prayer and Peace be upon the Prophet Muhammed, his family and the companions.

I marry to you my daughter (sister/niece etc - mention the full name) whom I represent, in accordance with Islamic Law and the tradition of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and for the Sadaq agreed between us." (details of the sadaq and method of payment may be mentioned).

The groom answers:

In the name of Allah the Merciful, the Mercy giving, Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and Prayer and Peace be upon the Prophet Muhammed, his family and the companions.

I accept to marry the woman you represent, in accordance with Islamic Law and the tradition of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and for the Sadaq agreed between us." (details of the sadaq and method of payment may be mentioned).

[This offer and acceptance should be declared in the presence of the witnesses, Allah is the best of witnesses. By this the marriage concluded and the bride and groom become husband and wife].

5.  To make the marriage publically it is reccomended to have a walimah. The Prophet (pbuh) saw a trace of yellow colouring on Abd al Rahman and asked, "What is this?" He answered, I got married. The Prophet (pbuh) said, "May Allah make it a blesing for you. Make a walimah even with only a sheep." - Bukhari, Muslim and others.

6.  The best way to congratulate the bride and the groom is to say: "May Allah make it a blessing for you and a blessing to you together with all that is good." - Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood 

The Marriage Khutbah:

[This is not essential; the marriage will be legal without it; however, it is Sunnah to have a Khutbah].

Praise be to Almighty Allah, the Sustainer of the Worlds Whom we ask help and pardon. We seek refuge in Allah from the evils within ourselves and from our evil actions. He whom Allah guides no one can lead astray and he who He leaves in error has no one to guide him. I testify that there is no deity but Allah and that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger.

Almighty Allah has created humanity, male and female, each in need of another, and has established the institution of marriage as a means of uniting the souls in a blessed bond of love leading to their pleasure and happiness in a way advantageous to humankind.

The Quran says, "It is He Who has created man from water: then has He established relationships of lineage and marriage: for your Lord has power (over all things). " (25:54)

And He reminds us of His great favors: "And among His signs is that He created for you of yourselves spouses that you may live in joy with them, and He has set between you love and mercy. Surely in that are signs for those who reflect." (30:22)

And Peace and Blessing be upon His great and beloved Prophet and last Messenger Muhammad, who emphatically urged Muslims to marry. He said: "Young men, those of you who can afford to marry should do so. Marriage is the best check for lustful eyes and an effective help to maintain chastity."

Brothers and sisters, at this auspicious moment, we are uniting in the bond of marriage and obedience to the guidance of our Creator and in obedience to the practice of our beloved Prophet (pbuh), our brother (his name) and sister (her name) who have decided to live together as husband and wife, sheltered with the blessings of Almighty Allah and His divine Benevolence. May Allah fill their lives with joy and may He grant them peace, health and prosperity. May they always live together in an atmosphere of tranquility and never diminishing love and tender regard for each other.