General keyboard shortcuts

CTRL+C                     (Copy)

CTRL+X                     (Cut)

CTRL+V                     (Paste)

CTRL+Z                     (Undo)

DELETE                     (Delete)

SHIFT+DELETE       (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in                                       the Recycle Bin)

CTRL                          while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)

CTRL+SHIFT             while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)

F2 key                         (Rename the selected item)

CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)

CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)

CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)

CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)

CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)

SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)

CTRL+A (Select all)

F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)

ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)

ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)

ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)

CTRL+F4 (Close the active document)

ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)

ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)

F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)

F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)

CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)

ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)

Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)

F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)

RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)

LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)

F5 key (Update the active window)

BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

ESC (Cancel the current task)

SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

CTRL+SHIFT+ESC (Open Task Manager)

Dialog box keyboard shortcuts

If you press SHIFT+F8 in extended selection list boxes, you enable extended selection mode. In this mode, you can use an arrow key to move a cursor without changing the selection. You can press CTRL+SPACEBAR or SHIFT+SPACEBAR to adjust the selection. To cancel extended selection mode, press SHIFT+F8 again. Extended selection mode cancels itself when you move the focus to another control.

CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)

CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)

TAB (Move forward through the options)

SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)

ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)

ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)

SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)

Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)

F1 key (Display Help)

F4 key (Display the items in the active list)

BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft natural keyboard shortcuts

Windows Logo                       (Display or hide the Start menu)

Windows Logo+BREAK       (Display the System Properties dialog box)

Windows Logo+D                  (Display the desktop)

Windows Logo+M                 (Minimize all of the windows)

Windows Logo+SHIFT+M    (Restore the minimized windows)

Windows Logo+E                  (Open My Computer)

Windows Logo+F                   (Search for a file or a folder)

CTRL+Windows Logo+F      (Search for computers)

Windows Logo+F1                 (Display Windows Help)

Windows Logo+ L                 (Lock the keyboard)

Windows Logo+R                  (Open the Run dialog box)

Windows Logo+U                  (Open Utility Manager)

Accessibility keyboard shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)

Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)

Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)

SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)

NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)

Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts

END (Display the bottom of the active window)

HOME (Display the top of the active window)

NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)

NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)

LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)

RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

Shortcut keys for Character Map

 After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:

RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)

LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)

UP ARROW (Move up one row)

DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)

PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)

PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)

HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)

END (Move to the end of the line)

CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)

CTRL+END (Move to the last character)

SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)

COMPUTER SCIENCE ARTICLES AND SOLUTION

Top 10 Ways to Speed Up Your Computer’s Boot Time

If there's one thing everyone dreads, it's rebooting their computer. It may only take a minute or two, but it can seem like forever. Here are our top 10 tweaks that'll make your computer boot a little faster.

This is a pretty controversial topic, as there are a lot of startup-tweaking myths out there. So, we took to the streets (of the internet) and searched for as many easy, well-supported tips as we could find. There may be others, some of which are controversial, but these 10 things are almost sure to get you a faster-booting machine.

10. Tweak Your BIOS

When you first set up your computer, your BIOS is set up to make things a bit more convenient for you, but once you're all set up, those things can be disabled. If you hold the DEL key when you start up your computer (or whatever key your BIOS tells you to enter setup), you can turn on the "Quick Boot" option and move your hard disk to the top of the boot priority list. The Quick Boot setting will turn off the tests your computer runs when it first turns on, and the boot priority tweak will tell your computer not to look for CDs, thumb drives, or other media when it first starts, which will get you booted into your OS quicker. If you ever need to boot from CD though, you'll have to go back into the BIOS and change this again before you do.

9. Clean Out Programs that Launch at Startup

One of the most tried and true ways to speed up your boot process is to keep unnecessary programs from starting up with your computer. You can do this by running msconfig from the Start Menu's search box, and going to the Startup tab. This applications list will tell you what each of those applications does, so you know which ones you can disable and which ones you don't want to. Previously mentioned Soluto is also a fantastic way to clean up these programs, and these days it's got a bunch of other handy features that make it worth a download.

8. Delay Windows Services That Run at Startup

Many people argue that disabling Services from msconfig will also speed up your boot time, but we've found that this is more problematic than anything. However, you can delay certain startup services so that your computer boots quickly and then worries about them later—after all, you don't need all those services the minute you start up your machine.

7. Change Your Boot Menu's Timeout Values

If you're dual-booting your machine, then your boot menu probably has a "timeout value", meaning the amount of time it waits for you to make a selection before it just boots into the default OS. On Windows, this timeout value is often 30 seconds, which is a long time to wait if you aren't looking directly at your screen. To change this timeout value, head to msconfig and click on the BOOT.INI tab, and change the number in the timeout box to something lower. If you're dual-booting with Linux, you're probably running the GRUB boot menu, and you can change the timeout on that too.

6. Disable Unused Hardware

Your computer loads a lot of drivers when it first starts up, some of which you might not even use. Head into the Device Manager from the Start Menu's search box, and look for anything you aren't using—Bluetooth controllers, modems, and virtual Wi-Fi adapters are common culprits. Right-click on the entry you want to disable and hit "Disable". Remember to only do this with things you don't actually use—if you use Wireless Hosted Networks, you'll need to keep those virtual Wi-Fi adapters enabled. It's also worth mentioning here that keeping all your drivers up to date will help this portion of the startup time, too (which you can do with the help of a program like previously mentioned Device Doctor).

5. Keep Your Antivirus Running and Up to Date

This should go without saying, but we'll say it anyway: install some antivirus software, keep it up to date, and run a regular scan. This is more of a preventative measure than an actual boot-speeding tip, but if you ever do get malware, it's sure to slow your computer's boot time. With a good antivirus around like Microsoft Security Essentials, you'll be more protected against that happening. Don't like MSE? There are some great ones out there too, so there's no reason not to have one around.

4. Remove Unnecessary Fonts

Since the dawn of time, Windows has loaded fonts at startup and slowed down the boot time. This is less of a problem than it used to be, but it can still slow you down a bit. Windows 7 loads over 200 fonts at startup; even more if you've installed Microsoft Office. Chances are, you use very few of those fonts, so you can hide them to speed up that process. In Windows 7, open up the Fonts folder from the Start Menu's search box, and check off all the fonts you don't need. Then click the "Hide" button in the toolbar. This way, if you ever want them, you can bring them back, but Windows won't load them at startup. Note that just removing a few fonts probably isn't going to make a noticeable difference—you'll probably need to get rid of a few hundred. That said, you might have hundreds more fonts installed than you realized, so that isn't as ridiculous as it sounds.

3. Upgrade Your RAM

Installing more RAM has always been an effective way of speeding up your computer, and that hasn't changed. RAM is pretty cheap these days, so if you're running low, there's no reason not to stock up and make your computer run a little smoother. We've gone over how to replace it in both a desktop and a laptop, and even for the inexperienced, it's a pretty simple procedure.

2. Give Your Computer a Static IP

When you first start up your computer, it spends a significant amount of time asking the network for an IP address. You can get rid of this process altogether by giving your computer a static IP address that never changes. Not only does this make your network easier to manage (since each computer will always have the same IP address), but it can shave a bit more time off your startup. Here's how to do it in different versions of Windows.

1. Install a Solid State Drive

These days, your hard drive is probably the biggest bottleneck in your machine. One of the best upgrades you can make to your computer is to install a solid state drive, which has super-fast read times that can speed up your startup considerably. They're certainly not a cheap upgrade, nor are they without their own maintenance requirements, but if you want to speed up your computer and its boot time, you can't go wrong by installing an SSD. The difference will be shocking.

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HOW TO EARN MONEY ONLINE

How do Websites Make Money

Although we spend a considerable time logged on to the Internet, not many of us know the mechanisms which go into making these websites and maintaining them. One such aspect is making money through websites. Knowing how do websites make money can help you to earn some money while you pursue you interests.

World wide web has considerably widened its horizons to near infinity. There are millions of websites in the world, with vast amount of information, pertaining to all the walks of life. The world of Internet is so intriguing and tempting that many a times a layman who uses these websites is fascinated by the way Internet works, and is often left wondering how do websites make money. Frankly speaking, not many people out there really know how do websites make money, but regardless of that making money from websites is quite a lucrative business. In fact there are many ways a website can fetch some wealth for you, ranging from the most common means such as advertising to least known means such as monetization widgets. Below are some popular ways of making money on the Internet.

PPC Advertising Networks

In Pay Per Click advertising (PPC), the website owner gets registered with a PPC network and pastes some code snippets on his website. The PPC network then serves contextual advertisements, in text or image format, relevant to the website. The owner will earn a specific amount of money every time some website visitor clicks on these ads, and hence it is known as Pay Per Click method.

CPM Advertising Networks

The process of Cost Per Mile (CPM) advertising, is quite similar to PPC advertising except that the owner of the website gets paid depending on the number of page views the ads on the site generates. The phrase Cost Per Mile refers to the cost of 1000 page views. The amount you earn ranges from $0.10 per 1000 page views to $10 per 1000 page views. This method of earning through a website is ideal for websites having a high page views per visitor ratio.

Direct Banner Advertising

In direct banner advertising, the website owner sells his own advertising space. This is one of the most lucrative method of earning through a website as the owner is free to determine his own rates for the space, and more importantly there are no middleman commissions. Some of the most popular banner formats used in the world of advertising are

• 728×90 Leader-board.

• 120×600 Skyscraper.

• 300×250 Rectangle.

• 125×125 Button.

This method of earning through web is ideal when the website audience is big as it helps to get qualified advertisers easily.

Text Link Ads

In this method of making money online, the owner of the website can sell text links by using his website as the platform, or use specialized networks such as the Text-Link-Ads to automate this process. Once very popular means of Internet advertising, the method lost its value when Google declared that it will penalize those websites which sell text links without the nofollow tag. But still this method is followed by many websites, sometimes legally, sometimes illegally.

Internet Affiliate Marketing

Internet affiliate marketing is one of the most popular method of earning on the Internet. In this process the website acts as a merchant who is willing to let his affiliates sell their products through his website directly or indirectly in exchange of some commission. The process is also referred to as Cost Per Action (CPA) or Cost Per Lead (CPL) based monetizing of the website.

Monetization Widgets

The use of monetization widgets is the latest trend of earning money through a website. In some cases the service is utilized under a PPC advertising, while in others it is used as text link ads. Widgetbucks and SmartLinks are two of the most popular monetization wizards.

Premium Content and Private Forums

In some websites, the owner gives the visitor the access to a part of the website for free, and charges a sum of amount to access the other parts of the website. This part, wherein you need to pay the premium membership fee, is the premium content part. Yet another means is the private forums, wherein you need to pay a membership fee to access and become an active member of the forum. The membership, which costs a specific fee, allows you to access certain features which free members are denied.

Paid Surveys and Polls

There are some services which pay the owners to carry out some surveys or polls on their websites. The website owner has to register with the service provider, and choose the type of polls or surveys he is willing to run on his website. These services most often work under Cost Per Mile method.

Pop Up Advertising

Pop up advertising is the most common and lucrative form of advertising on the Internet. But its major drawback is that at times it can turn out to be quite annoying for the website visitors, and lead to negative publicity. Pop up advertising has also suffered heavily since the advent of pop up blockers.

Other than these methods of earning through a website, you can also earn by indirect methods such as selling books in e-format or hard copy format, selling templates, starting a consultancy service or e-mail advertising and newsletters. Just having a website or a blog is not really enough, it can be advantageous to have a website that helps you to earn some money. Lastly, effective website business optimization can help in online money making by ensuring good ranking. Now that you know how do websites make money, you can monetize your own website and go on to earn some much desired moola.

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